Naziphi na izinto eziphantsi kwesenzo sokunyuka okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwangaphandle rhoqo ekugqibeleni kuya kudlula umda othile kwaye kutshatyalaliswe. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zamandla angaphandle abangela umonakalo kwizinto eziphathekayo, ezifana noxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, ukucheba, kunye ne-torsion. Amandla amabini, ukomelela kunye nokomelela kwesivuno, ngawokunyanzeliswa kuphela.
La mandla mabini afunyanwa ngovavanyo lwe-tensile. Izinto eziphathekayo zihamba ngokuqhubekayo kwinqanaba lokulayisha elichaziweyo de liphule, kwaye amandla amaninzi athwala xa kuphulwa ngumthwalo wokugqibela wezinto eziphathekayo. Owona mthwalo we-tensile wokugqibela yimbonakaliso yamandla, kwaye iyunithi yiNewton (N). Ngenxa yokuba i-Newton iyunithi encinci, kwiimeko ezininzi, i-kilonewtons (KN) isetyenziswa, kwaye umthwalo wokugqibela we-tensile wahlulwe ngesampuli. Uxinzelelo oluyisiphumo oluvela kwindawo yokuqala ye-cross-sectional kuthiwa yi-tensile strength.
Imele amandla aphezulu esixhobo ukuxhathisa ukusilela phantsi koxinzelelo. Ke yintoni amandla esivuno? Amandla esivuno kuphela kwizinto ezilastiki, izixhobo ezinelastic azinawo amandla esivuno. Umzekelo, zonke iintlobo zemathiriyeli yesinyithi, iiplastiki, irabha, njl., zonke zinokunwebeka kunye nokomelela kwesivuno. Iglasi, i-ceramics, i-masonry, njl. ngokuqhelekileyo ayiguquki, kwaye nokuba izinto ezinjalo zi-elastic, zincinci. I-elastic material ixhomekeke kwisigxina kwaye ikhula ngokuqhubekayo amandla angaphandle ade aphule.
Yintoni kanye kanye etshintshileyo? Okokuqala, izinto eziphathekayo zihamba nge-elastic deformation phantsi kwesenzo samandla angaphandle, oko kukuthi, izinto ziya kubuyela kubukhulu bayo bokuqala kunye nokuma emva kokususwa kwamandla angaphandle. Xa amandla angaphandle eqhubeka ekhula kwaye afikelele kwixabiso elithile, izinto eziphathekayo ziya kungena kwixesha lokuguqulwa kweplastiki. Nje ukuba izinto zingene kwi-deformation yeplastiki, ubungakanani bokuqala kunye nokuma kwezinto eziphathekayo akunakufunyanwa kwakhona xa kususwa amandla angaphandle! Amandla enqaku elibalulekileyo elibangela ukuba ezi ntlobo zimbini ze-deformation yimveliso yamandla emveliso. Ngokuhambelana ne-tensile force esetyenzisiweyo, ixabiso lamandla e-tensile lale ndawo ebalulekileyo libizwa ngokuba yi- yield point.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-23-2022